I don't think it's possible. Gosu input handling is not the best thing in the world in general (sorry, but it's very true).
What you could do is using something like joy2key to map the stick to mouse movement. Not particularly smooth solution, but should work pretty good.
You might want to look for a way to get gamepad inputs using Ruby that's not related to Gosu.
Gosu's input system is extremely minimal, so it doesn't handle stuff like this. But that doesn't mean there's not some other library that could help you. That being said, I do not know of one. There are certainly many C/C++ libraries that do stuff like this though.
(If anyone manages to find one, I would like to know. Don't want to have to write my own =/)